ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging serious global health problem. It has been recognised for a considerable time-period, that viral respiratory infections predispose patients to bacterial infections, and that these co-infections have a worse outcome than either infection on its own. This study was carried out on 100 samples of sputum from COVID-19 patients. During the laboratory diagnosis, 156 bacterial isolates were obtained from the positive samples . The Gram-positive bacteria isolates included Strptococcus pneumonia 64(40%) Streptococcus pyogenes, 7 (4%), Streptococcus mitis 1 (1%) Streptococcus mutus 1(1%), Streptococcus parasanguinis 1(1%) Staphylococcus eidermidis 10(6%), staphylococcus aureus 4 (2%), Micrococcus lutus,1 (1%). Whereas, Gram-negtive bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9 (6%), E coli 10 (6%), Serratia marcescens, 3 (2%), Klebsiella pneumonia 31 (19%), H.influenzae 10 (6%) Acinetobacter baumannii, 4 (2%) .The isolates varied in their response against the antibiotics;and Gram positive bacteria were significantly (p<0.05) more sensitive to the antibiotic then Gram negative. To detect the Streptococcus pneumonia isolates, the house keeping Eno genes was screened. Results showed that all the isolates, had Eno gene (100%). Furthermore, This study was carried out in order to detect tet-L and ermB gene in 10 S.pneumonia isolates . genes were Results showed that all the isolates, numbering 10, had both tetL and ermB genes(100%).
ABSTRACT
Ever since the pandemic of Covid-19 crisis hit all over the world, many aspects of the economy have changed especially on the healthcare issues, solid and medical waste management, as well as our food system. For a developing country like Malaysia, even though during movement control order, food wastage is not yet to be neglected. Some factors in households can influence food waste such as over shopping behaviour, panic buying that led to uneaten foods (leftovers) and household management practices such as poor planning and food storage problems. The increase in food wastage and collection generated every year will also lead to environmental pollution issues and natural resources. To overcome this issue, some researchers has been working to finding a sustainable approach to replace common practices for food waste management. Food waste will be used as industry substrates for production of valuable bioproducts and has achieved results in diversification applications and increased market demand for bioproducts. Therefore, this study discusses on current and available practices on food waste by converting it to bioproducts that enhance sustainable development. These productions is a new concept that is implemented to raise more attention to the efficient and sustainable use of resources, energy, and infrastructure to guarantee the life quality for human beings. © 2020 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.